戰昇的部落格

以下是Week 11的課程內容摘要與心得，今天的講義是Price Discrimination和Static Game。課程內容與應用層面息息相關，我認為這週的內容有助於理解企業策略與市場互動的本質。

一、價格歧視 (Price Discrimination)

1. 價格歧視的分類

- 一級價格歧視 (First-Degree Price Discrimination)：每位消費者支付其願付價格 (WTP)。

- 二級價格歧視 (Second-Degree Price Discrimination)：基於數量或選項進行定價，例如批量折扣。

- 三級價格歧視 (Third-Degree Price Discrimination)：基於消費者群體的特徵進行分組定價，如學生優惠票。

2. 實際應用

- 許多產業運用價格歧視策略來提取更多的消費者剩餘，例如航空公司票價、Netflix會員方案等。

- 使用機器學習和數據分析技術（如Uber和Airbnb）進行動態定價，模擬一級價格歧視。

3. 福利影響

- 價格歧視可以減少市場中的無謂損失，但會轉移消費者剩餘至生產者。

二、靜態博弈 (Static Game)

1. 博弈理論的基本元素

- 玩家、策略集合與支付矩陣構成了博弈的基本框架。

- 以Intel和AMD為例，競爭策略如是否投資研發。

2. 納什均衡 (Nash Equilibrium)

- 沒有玩家有動機偏離其策略的狀態。

- 例如囚徒困境中，雙方皆選擇坦白即為均衡，但不是最有效率的結果。

3. 應用場景

- 透過靜態博弈分析市場競爭行為，特別是在少數壟斷市場中的定價與數量決策。

心得總結

這週的課程深入探討了企業如何利用價格歧視提升利潤以及在競爭市場中進行策略互動。我認為，價格歧視的理論雖然可能對消費者造成不公平，但它也揭示了企業運作中的現實挑戰與潛在效率提升空間。此外，博弈理論讓我理解到，市場中的行為不僅僅取決於單一企業的決策，也受其他競爭者行動的影響，這對分析現實中的市場互動非常有幫助。

期待在後續課程中學到更多關於博弈理論應用於動態市場的進階內容！

Below is the summary and reflection for Week 11. Today’s lecture covered Price Discrimination and Static Game. The content is closely related to real-world applications, and I believe it provides valuable insights into the essence of corporate strategies and market interactions.

A. Price Discrimination

1. Types of Price Discrimination

- First-Degree Price Discrimination: Each consumer pays their willingness-to-pay (WTP).

- Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Pricing based on quantity or options, such as bulk discounts.

- Third-Degree Price Discrimination: Group pricing based on consumer characteristics, like student discounts.

2. Practical Applications

- Many industries use price discrimination strategies to extract more consumer surplus, such as airline ticket pricing or Netflix subscription plans.

- Dynamic pricing powered by machine learning and data analytics (e.g., Uber and Airbnb) simulates first-degree price discrimination.

3. Welfare Impacts

- Price discrimination can reduce deadweight loss in the market but shifts consumer surplus to producers.

B. Static Game

1. Basic Elements of Game Theory

- Players, strategy sets, and payoff matrices form the foundation of a game.

- For example, Intel and AMD compete by deciding whether to invest in R&D.

2. Nash Equilibrium

- A state where no player has an incentive to deviate from their chosen strategy.

- In the prisoner’s dilemma, mutual confession is the equilibrium but not the most efficient outcome.

3. Applications

- Static games are used to analyze competitive behaviors in markets, particularly pricing and quantity decisions in oligopolistic markets.

Reflection Summary

This week’s lecture explored how firms utilize price discrimination to increase profits and engage in strategic interactions in competitive markets. I think the theory of price discrimination, while potentially unfair to consumers, highlights the real-world challenges and potential efficiency gains in business operations.

Moreover, game theory helped me understand that market behaviors depend not only on the decisions of a single firm but also on the actions of competitors. This is especially useful for analyzing real-world market interactions.

I look forward to learning more about the advanced applications of game theory in dynamic markets in future lectures!